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Epigenetics of Host-Pathogen Interactions: The Road Ahead and the Road Behind

机译：宿主-病原体相互作用的表观遗传学：前面的路和后面的路

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A growing body of evidence points towards epigenetic mechanisms being responsible for a wide range of biological phenomena, from the plasticity of plant growth and development to the nutritional control of caste determination in honeybees and the etiology of human disease (e.g., cancer). With the (partial) elucidation of the molecular basis of epigenetic variation and the heritability of certain of these changes, the field of evolutionary epigenetics is flourishing. Despite this, the role of epigenetics in shaping host-pathogen interactions has received comparatively little attention. Yet there is plenty of evidence supporting the implication of epigenetic mechanisms in the modulation of the biological interaction between hosts and pathogens. The phenotypic plasticity of many key parasite life-history traits appears to be under epigenetic control. Moreover, pathogen-induced effects in host phenotype may have transgenerational consequences, and the bases of these changes and their heritability probably have an epigenetic component. The significance of epigenetic modifications may, however, go beyond providing a mechanistic basis for host and pathogen plasticity. Epigenetic epidemiology has recently emerged as a promising area for future research on infectious diseases. In addition, the incorporation of epigenetic inheritance and epigenetic plasticity mechanisms to evolutionary models and empirical studies of host-pathogen interactions will provide new insights into the evolution and coevolution of these associations. Here, we review the evidence available for the role epigenetics on host-pathogen interactions, and the utility and versatility of the epigenetic technologies available that can be cross-applied to host-pathogen studies. We conclude with recommendations and directions for future research on the burgeoning field of epigenetics as applied to host-pathogen interactions. © 2012 Gómez-Díaz et al.
机译：越来越多的证据表明表观遗传机制是造成广泛生物学现象的原因，从植物生长和发育的可塑性到蜜蜂决定种姓的营养控制以及人类疾病（例如癌症）的病因。随着（部分）阐明表观遗传变异的分子基础以及其中某些变异的遗传力，进化表观遗传学领域蓬勃发展。尽管如此，表观遗传学在形成宿主-病原体相互作用中的作用还很少受到关注。然而，有大量证据支持表观遗传机制对宿主与病原体之间生物相互作用的调控。许多关键的寄生虫生活史特征的表型可塑性似乎在表观遗传控制之下。此外，病原体诱导的宿主表型效应可能会产生转基因后果，这些变化的基础及其遗传力可能具有表观遗传成分。然而，表观遗传修饰的意义可能不只是为宿主和病原体的可塑性提供机理基础。表观遗传流行病学最近已经成为传染病未来研究的有希望的领域。此外，将表观遗传和表观遗传可塑性机制纳入进化模型和宿主-病原体相互作用的实证研究将为这些关联的进化和共同进化提供新的见识。在这里，我们回顾了表观遗传学在宿主-病原体相互作用中的作用的可用证据，以及可以交叉应用于宿主-病原体研究的表观遗传学技术的实用性和多功能性。最后，我们提出了关于表观遗传学新兴领域（应用于宿主-病原体相互作用）的未来研究的建议和方向。 ©2012Gómez-Díaz等。

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